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Logical Deduction Practice Questions with Answers

Practice with 30 sample questions organized by difficulty. Click “Show Answer” to reveal the correct answer and explanation.

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Easy

Easy #1
1. Either Monday or Tuesday
2. X is not a Monday
A. Both Monday and Tuesday are possible
B. It is Monday
C. X is a Tuesday

Answer: C

Explanation:

Pattern: Disjunctive Syllogism
Form: Either P or Q, Not P → Q

Given:
  1. Either Monday or Tuesday
  2. X is not a Monday

We can conclude: X is a Tuesday
Easy #2
1. Either by car or by train
2. X is not by car
A. Both by car and by train are possible
B. It is by car
C. X is by train

Answer: C

Explanation:

Pattern: Disjunctive Syllogism
Form: Either P or Q, Not P → Q

Given:
  1. Either by car or by train
  2. X is not by car

We can conclude: X is by train
Easy #3
1. All stick sports are team sports
2. All hockey are stick sports
A. All team sports are hockey
B. Some hockey are team sports
C. All hockey are team sports

Answer: C

Explanation:

Pattern: Barbara Syllogism
Form: All A are B, All B are C → All A are C

Given:
  1. All stick sports are team sports
  2. All hockey are stick sports

We can conclude: All hockey are team sports
Easy #4
1. All Slavic languages are European languages
2. Polish is a Slavic language
A. Polish is a European language
B. All European languages are Polishs
C. Some Polish are European language

Answer: A

Explanation:

Pattern: Barbara Syllogism
Form: All A are B, All B are C → All A are C

Given:
  1. All Slavic languages are European languages
  2. Polish is a Slavic language

We can conclude: Polish is a European language
Easy #5
1. All skyscrapers are high-rise structures
2. Some buildings are skyscrapers
A. Some high-rise structures are buildings
B. Some buildings are high-rise structures
C. All buildings are high-rise structures

Answer: B

Explanation:

Pattern: Darii Syllogism
Form: All A are B, Some C are A → Some C are B

Given:
  1. All skyscrapers are high-rise structures
  2. Some buildings are skyscrapers

We can conclude: Some buildings are high-rise structures
Easy #6
1. All power tools are electrically-operated equipment
2. Some tools are power tools
A. All tools are electrically-operated equipment
B. Some electrically-operated equipment are tools
C. Some tools are electrically-operated equipment

Answer: C

Explanation:

Pattern: Darii Syllogism
Form: All A are B, Some C are A → Some C are B

Given:
  1. All power tools are electrically-operated equipment
  2. Some tools are power tools

We can conclude: Some tools are electrically-operated equipment
Easy #7
1. Either north or south
2. X is not a north
A. X is a south
B. It is north
C. Both north and south are possible

Answer: A

Explanation:

Pattern: Disjunctive Syllogism
Form: Either P or Q, Not P → Q

Given:
  1. Either north or south
  2. X is not a north

We can conclude: X is a south
Easy #8
1. Either pass or fail
2. X is not a pass
A. X is a fail
B. It is pass
C. Both pass and fail are possible

Answer: A

Explanation:

Pattern: Disjunctive Syllogism
Form: Either P or Q, Not P → Q

Given:
  1. Either pass or fail
  2. X is not a pass

We can conclude: X is a fail
Easy #9
1. All caffeinated drinks are stimulants
2. Some beverages are caffeinated drinks
A. All beverages are stimulants
B. Some stimulants are beverages
C. Some beverages are stimulants

Answer: C

Explanation:

Pattern: Darii Syllogism
Form: All A are B, Some C are A → Some C are B

Given:
  1. All caffeinated drinks are stimulants
  2. Some beverages are caffeinated drinks

We can conclude: Some beverages are stimulants
Easy #10
1. All power tools are electrically-operated equipment
2. Some tools are power tools
A. All tools are electrically-operated equipment
B. Some electrically-operated equipment are tools
C. Some tools are electrically-operated equipment

Answer: C

Explanation:

Pattern: Darii Syllogism
Form: All A are B, Some C are A → Some C are B

Given:
  1. All power tools are electrically-operated equipment
  2. Some tools are power tools

We can conclude: Some tools are electrically-operated equipment

Medium

Medium #11
1. Either online or in-person
2. X is not an online
A. Neither online nor in-person
B. It is online
C. X is an in-person
D. Both online and in-person are possible

Answer: C

Explanation:

Pattern: Disjunctive Syllogism
Form: Either P or Q, Not P → Q

Given:
  1. Either online or in-person
  2. X is not an online

We can conclude: X is an in-person
Medium #12
1. If the alarm rings, then the person wakes up
2. If the person wakes up, then they get out of bed
A. If the alarm rings, then they get out of bed
B. If the person wakes up, then they get out of bed
C. If the alarm rings, then the person wakes up
D. If they get out of bed, then the alarm rings

Answer: A

Explanation:

Pattern: Hypothetical Chain
Form: If P then Q, If Q then R → If P then R

Given:
  1. If the alarm rings, then the person wakes up
  2. If the person wakes up, then they get out of bed

We can conclude: If the alarm rings, then they get out of bed
Medium #13
1. If a student studies hard, then they understand the material
2. If they understand the material, then they pass the exam
A. If they understand the material, then they pass the exam
B. If a student studies hard, then they pass the exam
C. If they pass the exam, then a student studies hard
D. If a student studies hard, then they understand the material

Answer: B

Explanation:

Pattern: Hypothetical Chain
Form: If P then Q, If Q then R → If P then R

Given:
  1. If a student studies hard, then they understand the material
  2. If they understand the material, then they pass the exam

We can conclude: If a student studies hard, then they pass the exam
Medium #14
1. No interns are permanent staff
2. Some employees are interns
A. Some employees are not permanent staff
B. All employees are permanent staff
C. Some employees are permanent staff
D. Some permanent staff are not employees

Answer: A

Explanation:

Pattern: Ferio Syllogism
Form: No A are B, Some C are A → Some C are not B

Given:
  1. No interns are permanent staff
  2. Some employees are interns

We can conclude: Some employees are not permanent staff
Medium #15
1. No bicycles are motorized transport
2. Some vehicles are bicycles
A. Some vehicles are not motorized transport
B. All vehicles are motorized transport
C. Some motorized transport are not vehicles
D. Some vehicles are motorized transport

Answer: A

Explanation:

Pattern: Ferio Syllogism
Form: No A are B, Some C are A → Some C are not B

Given:
  1. No bicycles are motorized transport
  2. Some vehicles are bicycles

We can conclude: Some vehicles are not motorized transport
Medium #16
1. No vegetables are animal products
2. Some foods are vegetables
A. Some foods are not animal products
B. Some foods are animal products
C. Some animal products are not foods
D. All foods are animal products

Answer: A

Explanation:

Pattern: Ferio Syllogism
Form: No A are B, Some C are A → Some C are not B

Given:
  1. No vegetables are animal products
  2. Some foods are vegetables

We can conclude: Some foods are not animal products
Medium #17
1. No fish are land animals
2. Some pets are fish
A. Some pets are land animals
B. Some land animals are not pets
C. Some pets are not land animals
D. All pets are land animals

Answer: C

Explanation:

Pattern: Ferio Syllogism
Form: No A are B, Some C are A → Some C are not B

Given:
  1. No fish are land animals
  2. Some pets are fish

We can conclude: Some pets are not land animals
Medium #18
1. Either daytime or nighttime
2. X is not a daytime
A. Neither daytime nor nighttime
B. X is a nighttime
C. Both daytime and nighttime are possible
D. It is daytime

Answer: B

Explanation:

Pattern: Disjunctive Syllogism
Form: Either P or Q, Not P → Q

Given:
  1. Either daytime or nighttime
  2. X is not a daytime

We can conclude: X is a nighttime
Medium #19
1. All grain products are foods
2. All grains are grain products
A. All foods are grains
B. All grains are foods
C. Some grains are foods
D. No grains are foods

Answer: B

Explanation:

Pattern: Barbara Syllogism
Form: All A are B, All B are C → All A are C

Given:
  1. All grain products are foods
  2. All grains are grain products

We can conclude: All grains are foods
Medium #20
1. Either pass or fail
2. X is not a pass
A. It is pass
B. Neither pass nor fail
C. X is a fail
D. Both pass and fail are possible

Answer: C

Explanation:

Pattern: Disjunctive Syllogism
Form: Either P or Q, Not P → Q

Given:
  1. Either pass or fail
  2. X is not a pass

We can conclude: X is a fail

Hard

Hard #21
1. If Indo-Aryan language, then Asian language
2. Bengali is Indo-Aryan language
A. No Indo-Aryan languages are Bengalis
B. Cannot be determined from the given information
C. Bengali is Asian language
D. Some Indo-Aryan languages are undefined

Answer: C

Explanation:

Pattern: Modus Ponens
Form: If P then Q, P is true → Q is true

Given:
  1. If Indo-Aryan language, then Asian language
  2. Bengali is Indo-Aryan language

We can conclude: Bengali is Asian language
Hard #22
1. If practice is consistent, then skills improve
2. If skills improve, then performance excels
A. If performance excels, then practice is consistent
B. If skills improve, then performance excels
C. If practice is consistent, then performance excels
D. If practice is consistent, then skills improve

Answer: C

Explanation:

Pattern: Hypothetical Chain
Form: If P then Q, If Q then R → If P then R

Given:
  1. If practice is consistent, then skills improve
  2. If skills improve, then performance excels

We can conclude: If practice is consistent, then performance excels
Hard #23
1. All invertebrates are animals
2. All mollusks are invertebrates
A. All animals are mollusks
B. No mollusks are animals
C. All mollusks are animals
D. Some mollusks are animals

Answer: C

Explanation:

Pattern: Barbara Syllogism
Form: All A are B, All B are C → All A are C

Given:
  1. All invertebrates are animals
  2. All mollusks are invertebrates

We can conclude: All mollusks are animals
Hard #24
1. Either true or false
2. X is not a true
A. X is a false
B. It is true
C. Both true and false are possible
D. Neither true nor false

Answer: A

Explanation:

Pattern: Disjunctive Syllogism
Form: Either P or Q, Not P → Q

Given:
  1. Either true or false
  2. X is not a true

We can conclude: X is a false
Hard #25
1. All graduate students are advanced researchers
2. Some students are graduate students
A. All students are advanced researchers
B. No students are advanced researchers
C. Some advanced researchers are students
D. Some students are advanced researchers

Answer: D

Explanation:

Pattern: Darii Syllogism
Form: All A are B, Some C are A → Some C are B

Given:
  1. All graduate students are advanced researchers
  2. Some students are graduate students

We can conclude: Some students are advanced researchers
Hard #26
1. No open-wheel racing series are stock car racing series
2. Formula 1 is an open-wheel racing series
A. Formula 1 is a stock car racing series
B. No stock car racing series are Formula 1s
C. Formula 1 is not a stock car racing series
D. Some Formula 1 are stock car racing series

Answer: C

Explanation:

Pattern: Celarent Syllogism
Form: No A are B, All C are A → No C are B

Given:
  1. No open-wheel racing series are stock car racing series
  2. Formula 1 is an open-wheel racing series

We can conclude: Formula 1 is not a stock car racing series
Hard #27
1. All Indo-Aryan languages are Asian languages
2. Bengali is an Indo-Aryan language
A. Bengali is an Asian language
B. Some Bengali are Asian language
C. Bengali is not an Asian language
D. All Asian languages are Bengalis

Answer: A

Explanation:

Pattern: Barbara Syllogism
Form: All A are B, All B are C → All A are C

Given:
  1. All Indo-Aryan languages are Asian languages
  2. Bengali is an Indo-Aryan language

We can conclude: Bengali is an Asian language
Hard #28
1. If the sun shines, then the temperature rises
2. If the temperature rises, then people go outside
A. If the sun shines, then the temperature rises
B. If the temperature rises, then people go outside
C. If people go outside, then the sun shines
D. If the sun shines, then people go outside

Answer: D

Explanation:

Pattern: Hypothetical Chain
Form: If P then Q, If Q then R → If P then R

Given:
  1. If the sun shines, then the temperature rises
  2. If the temperature rises, then people go outside

We can conclude: If the sun shines, then people go outside
Hard #29
1. No fish are land animals
2. Some pets are fish
A. Some pets are not land animals
B. Some pets are land animals
C. All pets are land animals
D. Some land animals are not pets

Answer: A

Explanation:

Pattern: Ferio Syllogism
Form: No A are B, Some C are A → Some C are not B

Given:
  1. No fish are land animals
  2. Some pets are fish

We can conclude: Some pets are not land animals
Hard #30
1. Either daytime or nighttime
2. X is not a daytime
A. Both daytime and nighttime are possible
B. X is a nighttime
C. Neither daytime nor nighttime
D. It is daytime

Answer: B

Explanation:

Pattern: Disjunctive Syllogism
Form: Either P or Q, Not P → Q

Given:
  1. Either daytime or nighttime
  2. X is not a daytime

We can conclude: X is a nighttime

Frequently Asked Questions

A syllogism is a logical argument with two premises and a conclusion. Classic example: 'All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.' The conclusion must follow necessarily from the premises.
A valid argument means the conclusion follows logically from the premises—if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. But the premises themselves might be false. 'All fish can fly. Salmon are fish. Therefore salmon can fly' is valid but not true.
Learn common fallacies to avoid them. Watch for words like 'all', 'some', 'no', 'if...then'. Remember: you can only conclude what MUST be true, not what MIGHT be true. Practice diagramming premises with Venn diagrams.
Each syllogism is procedurally generated using a rich taxonomy of nearly 1,000 category chains. The system selects terms, applies valid logical forms (Barbara, Celarent, Darii, and others), and generates distractors that contain specific logical fallacies. Root overlap filtering ensures premises always sound natural. This provides unlimited unique practice questions.